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Because the square of a standard normal distribution is the chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom, the probability of a result such as 1 heads in 10 trials can be approximated either by using the normal distribution directly, or the chi-squared distribution for the normalised, squared difference between observed and expected value.
The square of n (most easily calculated when n is between 26 and 74 inclusive) is (50 − n) 2 + 100(n − 25) In other words, the square of a number is the square of its difference from fifty added to one hundred times the difference of the number and twenty five. For example, to square 62: (−12) 2 + [(62-25) × 100] = 144 + 3,700 = 3,844
The formula defines the energy E of a particle in its rest frame as the product of mass (m) with the speed of light squared (c 2). Because the speed of light is a large number in everyday units (approximately 300 000 km/s or 186 000 mi/s), the formula implies that a small amount of mass corresponds to an enormous amount of energy.
The base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the two power quantities is the number of bels. The number of decibels is ten times the number of bels (equivalently, a decibel is one-tenth of a bel). P and P 0 must measure the same type of quantity, and have the same units before calculating the ratio. If P = P 0 in the above equation, then L P = 0.
For applications in control theory, according to Levine (1996, p. 158), rise time is defined as "the time required for the response to rise from x% to y% of its final value", with 0% to 100% rise time common for underdamped second order systems, 5% to 95% for critically damped and 10% to 90% for overdamped ones. [6]
10 −48: 1 square yoctometre (ym 2) 1 ym 2 10 −43 100,000 ym 2: 1 femtobarn [3] 10 −42: 1 square zeptometre (zm 2) 1 zm 2 10 −36: 1 square attometre (am 2) 1 am 2 10 −30: 1 square femtometre (fm 2) 1 fm 2 10 −29 66.52 fm 2: Thomson cross-section of the electron [4] 10 −28 100 fm 2: 1 barn, roughly the cross-sectional area of a ...
The typical digital propagation delay of a resistive wire is about half of R times C; since both R and C are proportional to wire length, the delay scales as the square of wire length. Charge spreads by diffusion in such a wire, as explained by Lord Kelvin in the mid nineteenth century. [ 2 ]
Ordinary least squares regression of Okun's law.Since the regression line does not miss any of the points by very much, the R 2 of the regression is relatively high.. In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R 2 or r 2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).