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In 2019, the 20/2/20 model emerged from the International Myeloma Foundation (IMF). This model states that if all three of the following are true: the percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow is 20% or more, M-Protein level is 2g/dL or greater, or the sFLC ratio is greater than 20, then the patient is classified as high risk. [7]
In hematology, plasma cell dyscrasias (also termed plasma cell disorders and plasma cell proliferative diseases) are a spectrum of progressively more severe monoclonal gammopathies in which a clone or multiple clones of pre-malignant or malignant plasma cells (sometimes in association with lymphoplasmacytoid cells or B lymphocytes) over-produce and secrete into the blood stream a myeloma ...
MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and similar diseases, but the levels of antibodies are lower, [2] the number of plasma cells (white blood cells that secrete antibodies) in the bone marrow is lower, and it rarely has symptoms or major problems. However, since MGUS can lead to multiple myeloma, which develops at the rate of about 1.5% a year, or ...
MGUS transforms to multiple myeloma at the rate of 1% to 2% per year, and almost all cases of multiple myeloma are preceded by MGUS. [38] Smoldering multiple myeloma increases the risk of developing multiple myeloma. Individuals diagnosed with this premalignant disorder develop multiple myeloma at a rate of 10% per year for the first 5 years, 3 ...
Secondary PCL (sPCL) is diagnosed in 1-4% of patients known to have had multiple myeloma for a median time of ~21 months. It is the terminal phase of these patients' myeloma disease. sPCL patients typically are highly symptomatic due to extensive disease with malignant plasma cell infiltrations in, and failures of, not only the bone marrow but also other organs.
Criteria for diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include: IgM monoclonal gammopathy that excludes chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma . Evidence of anemia, constitutional symptoms, hyperviscosity, swollen lymph nodes , or enlargement of the liver and spleen that can be attributed to an underlying lymphoproliferative ...
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