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With a lens of systems thinking, project complexity can be defined as an intricate arrangement of the varied interrelated parts in which the elements can change and evolve constantly with an effect on the project objectives. [2] The identification of complex projects is specifically important to multi-project engineering environments. [3]
A decision problem H is NP-hard when for every problem L in NP, there is a polynomial-time many-one reduction from L to H. [1]: 80 Another definition is to require that there be a polynomial-time reduction from an NP-complete problem G to H.
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. [1] Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
For example, some difficult problems need algorithms that take an exponential amount of time in terms of the size of the problem to solve. Take the travelling salesman problem , for example. It can be solved, as denoted in Big O notation , in time O ( n 2 2 n ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2}2^{n})} (where n is the size of the network to visit – the ...
Tacit knowledge can be defined as skills, ideas and experiences that are possessed by people but are not codified and may not necessarily be easily expressed. [5] With tacit knowledge, people are not often aware of the knowledge they possess or how it can be valuable to others.
Those are often conflicting rationales that can make negotiations difficult and business planning impossible. For example, a country that Trump targets with punitive tariffs may come to the ...
Over 130 years after his gruesome murders in East London, England, the descendants of his victims are looking to unmask the identity of the serial killer popularly known as Jack the Ripper. The ...
Another definition is "a problem whose social complexity means that it has no determinable stopping point". [2] Moreover, because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems. Due to their complexity, wicked problems are often characterized by organized irresponsibility.