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Brain sections related to autism. Many causes of autism, including environmental and genetic factors, have been recognized or proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism is incomplete. [1] Attempts have been made to incorporate the known genetic and environmental causes into a comprehensive causative framework. [2]
The term fetal alcohol effects (FAE) was used for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. [1] It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious ...
Caesarean section, also known as C-section, cesarean, or caesarean delivery, is the surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. It is often performed because vaginal delivery would put the mother or child at risk (of paralysis or even death). [ 2 ]
Maternal health is the health of people during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.In most cases, maternal health encompasses the health care dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care in order to ensure a positive and fulfilling experience.
Due to this and other risks, babies in breech position are often born by a planned caesarean section in developed countries. [ 2 ] Caesarean section reduces the risk of harm or death for the baby if the baby is in breech position but does increase the risk of harm to the mother compared with a vaginal delivery. [ 2 ]
The bleeding may be due to placental abruption, uterine rupture, placenta accrete, undiagnosed placenta previa, or vasa previa. [3] Cesarean section is indicated. Post-partum hemorrhage is defined by the loss of at least 1,000 mL of blood accompanied with symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours after delivery.
The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. [4] Caesarean section is an invasive method but is often the only method that will save the lives of both the mother and the infant. [18] Symphysiotomy is the surgical opening of the symphysis pubis.
Some have suggested, due to the comparative risks of Caesarean section with an uncomplicated vaginal delivery, women should be discouraged or forbidden from choosing it. [ 14 ] Some 42% of obstetricians [ clarification needed ] believe the media and women are responsible for the rising Caesarean section rates. [ 15 ]