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  2. Focalisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focalisation

    In narratology, focalisation is the perspective through which a narrative is presented, as opposed to an omniscient narrator. [1] Coined by French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, his definition distinguishes between internal focalisation (first-person) and external focalisation (third-person, fixed on the actions of and environments around a character), with zero focalisation representing ...

  3. Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and...

    The root of the words subjectivity and objectivity are subject and object, philosophical terms that mean, respectively, an observer and a thing being observed.The word subjectivity comes from subject in a philosophical sense, meaning an individual who possesses unique conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires, [1] [3] or who (consciously) acts upon or wields ...

  4. Free indirect speech - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_indirect_speech

    Free indirect discourse can be described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediated by the voice of the author". In the words of the French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, "the narrator takes on the speech of the character, or, if one prefers, the character speaks through the voice of the narrator, and the two instances then are merged". [1]

  5. Literal and figurative language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_and_figurative...

    Uses of figurative language, or figures of speech, can take multiple forms, such as simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and many others. [12] Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or understatement, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors.

  6. Ozymandias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias

    The statue fragment known as the Younger Memnon in the British Museum. Shelley began writing the poem "Ozymandias" in 1817, upon anticipation of the arrival in Britain of the Younger Memnon, a head-and-torso fragment of a statue of Ramesses II acquired by Italian archeologist Giovanni Battista Belzoni from the Ramesseum, the mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Thebes. [5]

  7. Idealization and devaluation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation

    When viewing people as all good, the individual is said to be using the defense mechanism idealization: a mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others. When viewing people as all bad, the individual employs devaluation: attributing exaggeratedly negative qualities to the self or others.

  8. Alexis de Tocqueville - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville

    Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville [a] (29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859), [7] was a French aristocrat, diplomat, political philosopher, and historian.He is best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856).

  9. Phallogocentrism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallogocentrism

    In contemporary literary and philosophical works concerned with gender, the term "phallogocentrism" is commonplace largely as a result of the writings of Jacques Derrida, the founder of the philosophy of deconstruction, which is considered by many academics to constitute an essential part of the discourse of postmodernism. [3]