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Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus Borrelia, [1] which is transmitted through the bites of lice, soft-bodied ticks (genus Ornithodoros), or hard-bodied ticks (Genus Ixodes).
Borrelia species that cause human disease are classified into two genetic clades, the Lyme borreliosis (LB) clade, and the relapsing fever (RF) clade. B. miyamotoi is a member of the relapsing fever (RF) clade. [5]
Relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis often occurs with severe bacteremia. [24] Twenty-five species of Borrelia are known to cause relapsing fever. [25] While most species use the soft tick family Argasidae as their vector, some outliers live in hard ticks or lice. [25] Relapsing fever can be spread epidemically through lice or endemically through ...
Borrelia recurrentis is a species of Borrelia, a spirochaete bacterium associated with relapsing fever. [1] [2] B. recurrentis is usually transmitted from person to person by the human body louse. [3] Since the 1800s, the body louse has been known as its only known vector. [4]
[10] As of 2020 18 tick-borne pathogens have been identified in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control [10] and at least 27 are known globally. [8] [11] [12] New tick-borne diseases have been discovered in the 21st century, due in part to the use of molecular assays and next-generation sequencing. [13]
The standard course is 7 to 10 days, but this is extended to at least 6 weeks in people with relapsing disease. Even mild cases are recommended to be treated to decrease the chance of inadvertently transmitting the infection by donating blood. [5] In severe babesiosis, the combination of clindamycin and quinine is preferred.
It is one of the relapsing fever spirochaetes, which are globally distributed yet understudied agents of tick-borne relapsing fever. [2] The tick vector Ornithodoros turicata transmits B. turicatae, which causes relapsing fever, an arthropod-borne infection of humans and other mammals caused by different Borrelia species.
Tick-borne relapsing fever is transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks (genus Ornithodoros). [10] Each species of Borrelia is typically associated with a single tick species, with Borrelia duttoni being transmitted by O. moubata , and being responsible for the relapsing fever found in central, eastern, and southern Africa.