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Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage. [7] Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolise amino acids necessary for cell division and maturation of blood cells.
The proton-coupled folate transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC46A1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The major physiological roles of PCFTs are in mediating the intestinal absorption of folate (Vitamin B9), and its delivery to the central nervous system .
For this reason, it is common in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid are added back to white flour after processing. This is referred to as "enriched flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver. [3]
A deficiency of folate can occur when the body's need for folate is increased, when dietary intake or absorption of folate is inadequate, or when the body excretes (or loses) more folate than usual. Medications that interfere with the body's ability to use folate may also increase the need for this vitamin.
A functional coordination between these 2 mechanisms has been proposed to be the method of folate uptake in certain cell types. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate chemotherapeutic agent that is actively transported by the carrier-mediated uptake system. RFC1 plays a role in maintaining intracellular concentrations of folate. [6]
The un-methylated form, folic acid (vitamin B 9), is a synthetic form of folate, and must undergo enzymatic reduction by dihydrofolate reductase to become biologically active. [1] It is synthesized in the absorptive cells of the small intestine from polyglutamylated dietary folate. It is a methylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The Schilling test has multiple stages. [3] As noted below, it can be done at any time after vitamin B 12 supplementation and body store replacement, and some clinicians recommend that in severe deficiency cases, at least several weeks of vitamin repletion be done before the test (more than one B 12 shot, and also oral folic acid), in order to ensure that impaired absorption of B 12 (with or ...
Folate (Vitamin B 9) deficiency: Symptoms may include feeling tired, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, feeling faint, open sores on the tongue, loss of appetite, changes in the color of the skin or hair, irritability, and behavioral changes. [32] In adults, anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia) can be a sign of advanced folate ...