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Course made good (C.M.G. or Course Over Ground) - the actual route taken to achieve the journey's objecting measured over the ground. It is the resultant of the course steered and the effect on that course of any wind and tide. Sail trim - pulling the sail in when sailing upwind and letting it out when sailing downwind.
A sailing craft is said to be sailing close-hauled when its sails are trimmed in tightly and are acting substantially like a wing, relying on lift to propel the craft forward on a course as close to the wind as the sail can provide lift. This point of sail lets the sailing craft travel upwind, diagonally to the wind direction. [4]
The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull, keel, and rudder of a sailing craft, by forces from skate runners of an iceboat, or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft which are steering the course. This combination of forces means that it is possible to sail an upwind course as well as downwind.
Until 2012 there were seven sailing levels for dinghies: White Sail I, II, III teach sailing basics, including points of sail, how to capsize, and sail trim; Bronze IV and V teach more advanced sailing skills, including spinnaker, and trapeze (sailing); Silver VI teaches basic racing; and; Gold VII teaches advanced racing.
This motion is generated directly either by the water and wind motion, particularly lateral wave motion, exerting forces against the hull or by the ship's own propulsion; or indirectly by the inertia of the ship while turning. This movement can be compared to the vessel's lateral drift from its course.
Sailing vessels are unable to sail higher than a certain angle towards the wind, so "beating to windward" in a zig-zag fashion with a series of tacking maneuvers, allows a vessel to sail towards a destination that is closer to the wind than the vessel can sail directly. A sailing craft whose course is downwind jibes (or "wears" if square-rigged ...
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This occurs when the angle of attack increases with sail trim or change of course to cause the lift coefficient to increase up to the point of aerodynamic stall, so does the lift-induced drag coefficient. At the onset of stall, lift is abruptly decreased, as is lift-induced drag, but viscous pressure drag, a component of parasitic drag ...