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The desired effects of steroid precursors however, are often not seen as they do not bind well to androgen receptors. [46] Examples of prohormones include norandrostendione, androstenediol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). [45] These steroids have little desired effect compared to anabolic steroids, but have the same side effects. [47]
Although all anabolic steroids have androgenic effects, some of them paradoxically results in feminization, such as breast tissue in males, a condition called gynecomastia. These side effect are caused by the natural conversion of testosterone into estrogen and estradiol by the action of aromatase enzyme, encoded by the CYP19A1 gene. [105]
Some of the sterols are removed during the deodorization step of refining oils and fats, without, however, changing their relative composition. Sterols are therefore a useful tool in checking authenticity. As common sources of phytosterols, vegetable oils have been developed as margarine products highlighting phytosterol content. [3]
The two common 5α and 5β stereoisomeric forms of steroids exist because of differences in the side of the largely planar ring system where the hydrogen (H) atom at carbon-5 is attached, which results in a change in steroid A-ring conformation. Isomerisation at the C-21 side chain produces a parallel series of compounds, referred to as ...
Testosterone can be described as having anabolic and androgenic effects, though these categorical descriptions are somewhat arbitrary, as there is a great deal of mutual overlap between them. [17] The relative potency of these effects can depend on various factors and is a topic of ongoing research.
Side effects of testosterone cypionate include virilization among others. [4] Diminished sperm production is a common side-effect of testosterone replacement therapy because of the decreased intra-testicular concentration of testosterone and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. [20]
Side effects of testosterone enanthate include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire. [5] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
[7] [8] [6] It differs from the similarly named prednisone in having a hydroxyl at the 11th carbon instead of a ketone. Common side effects with short-term use include nausea, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, increased appetite, and fatigue. [5] More severe side effects include psychiatric problems, which may occur in about 5% of people. [9]