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Vocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. [1] Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck , as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method.
Other symptoms include a metallic taste, throat closing or tightening, coughing fits, itchy throat, and choking. Larger tonsil stones may cause recurrent bad breath, which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection, sore throat, white debris, a bad taste in the back of the throat, difficulty swallowing, ear ache, and tonsil swelling. [12]
Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, [1] are tonsils located on the left and right sides at the back of the throat in humans and other mammals, which can often be seen as flesh-colored, pinkish lumps. Tonsils only present as "white lumps" if they are inflamed or infected with symptoms of ...
Low-power microscope magnification of a cross-section through one of the tonsillar crypts (running diagonally) as it opens onto the surface of the throat (at the top). Stratified epithelium (e) covers the throat's surface and continues as a lining of the crypt. Beneath the surface are numerous nodules (f) of lymphoid tissue.
However, they are largest relative to the diameter of the throat in young children. In adults, each palatine tonsil normally measures up to 2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness. [5] The adenoid grows until the age of 5, starts to shrink at the age of 7 and becomes small in adulthood. [medical citation needed]
Beneath the epithelium is a layer of lymphoid nodules containing lymphocytes. Mucous glands located at the root of the tongue are drained through several ducts into the crypts of the lingual tonsils. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Secretions of these mucous glands keep the crypts clean and free of any debris.
Sub-epithelial cysts are small and white in colour. [7] Their presence on the vocal folds usually does not disrupt the vibration of the vocal folds for speech (known as the "mucosal wave"). [2] Ligament cysts (also known as epidermoid cysts) are closed lesions that occur near the vocal ligament in the deep layers of the lamina propria. [2]
Signs and symptoms may include hoarseness of the voice, or a sensation of having a lump in the throat, but contact granulomas may also be without symptoms. [3] There are two common causes associated with contact granulomas; the first common cause is sustained periods of increased pressure on the vocal folds, and is commonly seen in people who ...