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Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [ 2 ] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests.
Outside the United States, blood tests made up of the majority of the same biochemical tests are called urea and electrolytes (U&E or "U and Es"), or urea, electrolytes, creatinine (UEC or EUC or CUE), and are often referred to as 'kidney function tests' as they also include a calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate. The BMP provides ...
Urine electrolyte levels can be measured in a medical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. The urine concentrations of sodium , chlorine and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury , metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia .
Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological function, fluid balance , oxygen delivery , acid–base balance and much more.
Electrolytes and urea levels may also be analysed at the same time as creatinine (EUC test) in order to evaluate kidney function. A lipid profile will also be carried out as high levels of cholesterol ( hypercholesterolemia ), specifically elevated LDL , usually with concomitantly elevated VLDL , is indicative of nephrotic syndrome.
To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the C Cr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as mL/min/1.73 m 2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 m 2 (1.6 m 2 to 1.9 m 2 ), extremely obese or slim patients should have their C Cr corrected for their ...
The filtrate contains waste products (e.g. urea), electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride), amino acids, and glucose. The filtrate passes into the renal tubules of the kidney. In the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal tubule , glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the bloodstream.
Measurements of urea and creatinine (Cr) in the blood are used to assess renal function. For historical reasons, the lab test measuring urea is known as "blood urea nitrogen" (BUN) in the US. The BUN:Cr ratio is a useful measure in determining the type of azotemia and will be discussed in each section below.