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Scoria or cinder is a pyroclastic, highly vesicular, dark-colored volcanic rock formed by ejection from a volcano as a molten blob and cooled in the air to form discrete grains called clasts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is typically dark in color (brown, black or purplish-red), and basaltic or andesitic in composition.
Scoria bricks [a] is a type of blue-grey brick made from slag, originally manufactured from the waste of the steelworks of Teesside, common across the North-East of England. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The bricks were also exported around the world and can be found in Canada, West Indies , Netherlands, Belgium, United States, India and South America.
A cinder cone (or scoria cone [1]) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.
Cryolite was first described in 1798 by Danish veterinarian and physician Peter Christian Abildgaard [] (1740–1801), [9] [10] from rock samples obtained from local Inuit who used the mineral for washing their hides; the actual source of the ore was later discovered in 1806 by the explorer Karl Ludwig Giesecke.
Eldborg and its surroundings are protected as a natural monument inside the Bláfjalla Fólkvangur. [5] since 1971.[6]The area of the Natural Monument is defined as: from the Road Bláfjallavegur, 200 m from the foot of the crater group to the southern foot of the mountain Drottning, over the ridge of this mountain to its northern tip and from there back to the road.
The recently active basaltic Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field in the Northland region of New Zealand is associated geographically with an older region of extinct volcanism to its north the Wairakau Volcanic Centre, meaning eruptions in this region have occurred over the last 20 million years. [1]
BMW and Yamaha Motor have invested in U.S.-based rare earths processing startup Phoenix Tailings, the latest move by manufacturers to boost production of the strategic metals outside of China.
Around 360 oreum are distributed throughout Jeju. Their formation and preservation are due in part to the high permeability of the volcanic rock. [1]Magma erupting under pressure can solidify into scoria, which may fall and pile up around a crater to form circular and elliptical scoria cones and cinder cones.