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  2. Normalization (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine...

    Query-Key normalization (QKNorm) [32] normalizes query and key vectors to have unit L2 norm. In nGPT , many vectors are normalized to have unit L2 norm: [ 33 ] hidden state vectors, input and output embedding vectors, weight matrix columns, and query and key vectors.

  3. Feature scaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_scaling

    Feature standardization makes the values of each feature in the data have zero-mean (when subtracting the mean in the numerator) and unit-variance. This method is widely used for normalization in many machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks).

  4. Normalization (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)

    In another usage in statistics, normalization refers to the creation of shifted and scaled versions of statistics, where the intention is that these normalized values allow the comparison of corresponding normalized values for different datasets in a way that eliminates the effects of certain gross influences, as in an anomaly time series. Some ...

  5. Database normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization

    To conform to 2NF and remove duplicates, every non-candidate-key attribute must depend on the whole candidate key, not just part of it. To normalize this table, make {Title} a (simple) candidate key (the primary key) so that every non-candidate-key attribute depends on the whole candidate key, and remove Price into a separate table so that its ...

  6. 80 of the Most Useful Excel Shortcuts - AOL

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/80-most-useful-excel...

    Excel at using Excel with these keyboard hotkeys that will save you minutes of time—and hours of aggravation. The post 80 of the Most Useful Excel Shortcuts appeared first on Reader's Digest.

  7. Quantile normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_normalization

    To quantile normalize two or more distributions to each other, without a reference distribution, sort as before, then set to the average (usually, arithmetic mean) of the distributions. So the highest value in all cases becomes the mean of the highest values, the second highest value becomes the mean of the second highest values, and so on.

  8. Normalizing constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalizing_constant

    If we start from the simple Gaussian function = /, (,) we have the corresponding Gaussian integral = / =,. Now if we use the latter's reciprocal value as a normalizing constant for the former, defining a function () as = = / so that its integral is unit = / = then the function () is a probability density function. [3]

  9. Orders of magnitude (data) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(data)

    The order of magnitude of data may be specified in strictly standards-conformant units of information and multiples of the bit and byte with decimal scaling, or using historically common usages of a few multiplier prefixes in a binary interpretation which has been common in computing until new binary prefixes were defined in the 1990s..