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  2. International scale of river difficulty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_scale_of...

    Because of the large range of difficulty that exists beyond Class IV, Class V is an open-ended, multiple-level scale designated by class 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, etc. Each of these levels is an order of magnitude more difficult than the last. That is, going from Class 5.0 to Class 5.1 is a similar order of magnitude as increasing from Class IV to Class 5.0.

  3. Chart datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_datum

    One advantage of using LAT for chart datums is that all predicted tidal heights must then be positive (or zero) avoiding possible ambiguity and the need to explicitly state sign. Calculation of the LAT only allows for gravitational effects so lower tides may occur in practice due to meteorological effects, such as high pressure systems. [5] [6]

  4. Kardashev scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale

    Projection of the Kardashev scale to 2040 based on data from the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook. Kardashev presented for the first time a classification of civilizations according to the level of the rate of their energy consumption, or ability to harness power, in an article entitled Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations, published in 1964 first in ...

  5. Technology readiness level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_readiness_level

    Level 2 – Potential Application Validated Level 3 – Proof-of-Concept Demonstrated, Analytically and/or Experimentally Level 4 – Component and/or Breadboard Laboratory Validated Level 5 – Component and/or Breadboard Validated in Simulated or Realspace Environment Level 6 – System Adequacy Validated in Simulated Environment

  6. Sea level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level

    Since the times of the Russian Empire, in Russia and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of Kronstadt Sea-Gauge. In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above Principal Datum" and refers to height of 0.146 m (5.7 in) above chart datum [ 8 ] and 1.304 m (4 ft 3.3 in) below ...

  7. Torino scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_scale

    The comet C/2013 A1, which passed close to Mars in 2014, was originally estimated to have a potential impact energy of 5 million to 24 billion megatons, and in March 2013 was estimated to have a Mars impact probability of ~1:1250, corresponding to the Martian equivalent of Torino scale 6. [16]

  8. Flood stage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_stage

    The zero level can be arbitrary, but it is usually close to the bottom of the stream or river or at the average level of standing bodies of water. Stage was traditionally measured visually using a staff gauge, which is a fixed ruler marked in 1/100 and 1/10 foot intervals, [ 3 ] however electronic sensors that transmit real-time information to ...

  9. Casimir effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

    Each energy level E n depends on the shape, and so one should write E n (s) for the energy level, and E(s) for the vacuum expectation value. At this point comes an important observation: The force at point p on the wall of the cavity is equal to the change in the vacuum energy if the shape s of the wall is perturbed a little bit, say by δs ...