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The β-lactam core structures. (A) A penam.(B) A carbapenam.(C) An oxapenam.(D) A penem.(E) A carbapenem.(F) A monobactam.(G) A cephem.(H) A carbacephem.(I) An oxacephem. This is a list of common β-lactam antibiotics—both administered drugs and those not in clinical use—organized by structural class.
β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
Skeletal formulae of the basic structures of penicillin (1) and cephalosporin (2) antibiotics, highlighting the beta-lactam ring (red). Created using ACD/ChemSketch 10.0 and Inkscape . Legend
Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. [1] It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria . [ 1 ] It is active against beta-lactamase -producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus , which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins .
A lactam is a cyclic amide, and beta-lactams are named so because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon atom relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. β-lactams are significant structural units of medicines as manifested in many β-lactam antibiotics. [2]
Since the discovery of the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin, the rates of antimicrobial resistance have increased. [38] Over time, methods for testing the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics have developed and changed. [25] Alexander Fleming in the 1920s developed the first method of susceptibility testing.
The major protein in whey is β-lactoglobulin, followed by α-lactalbumin (β-lactoglobulin ≈ 65%, α-lactalbumin ≈ 25%, serum albumin ≈ 8%, other ≈ 2%). β-lactoglobulin is a lipocalin protein, and can bind many hydrophobic molecules, suggesting a role in their transport. β-lactoglobulin has also been shown to be able to bind iron via siderophores [7 ...
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. They have a structure that renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Examples of carbapenems include meropenem and imipenem .