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In perceptual psychology, a stimulus is an energy change (e.g., light or sound) which is registered by the senses (e.g., vision, hearing, taste, etc.) and constitutes the basis for perception. [2] In behavioral psychology (i.e., classical and operant conditioning), a stimulus constitutes the basis for behavior. [2]
The controlling effects of stimuli are seen in quite diverse situations and in many aspects of behavior. For example, a stimulus presented at one time may control responses emitted immediately or at a later time; two stimuli may control the same behavior; a single stimulus may trigger behavior A at one time and behavior B at another; a stimulus may control behavior only in the presence of ...
For example, the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light , sound , temperature , taste , pressure , and smell . The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation.
Antecedent stimuli (paired with reinforcing consequences) activate centers of the brain involved in motivation, [4] while antecedent stimuli that have been paired with punishing consequences activate brain centers involved in fear. [5] Antecedents play a different role while attempting to trigger positive and negative outcomes. [6]
Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation).
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli.According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought.
For example, having been trained to peck at "red" a pigeon might also peck at "pink", though usually less strongly. Context refers to stimuli that are continuously present in a situation, like the walls, tables, chairs, etc. in a room, or the interior of an operant conditioning chamber. Context stimuli may come to control behavior as do ...
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.