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Medieval-era Bhakti traditions among non-theistic Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism have been reported by scholars in which the devotion and prayer ceremonies were dedicated to an enlightened guru, primarily Buddha and Jina Mahavira, respectively, as well as others. [118]
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [5] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.
Bhakti ideas have inspired many popular texts and saint-poets in India. The Bhagavata Purana, for example, is a Krishna-related text associated with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism. [13] Bhakti is also found in other religions practiced in India, [14] [15] [16] and it has influenced interactions between Christianity and Hinduism in the modern era.
[14] [177] Vedanta traditions led to the development of many traditions in Hinduism. [13] [178] Sri Vaishnavism of south and southeastern India is based on Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. [179] Ramananda led to the Vaishnav Bhakti Movement in north, east, central and west India.
Shaktism is a goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism, [55] involving many goddesses, all being regarded as various aspects, manifestations, or personifications of the same supreme goddess Shakti. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Shaktas approach the Devi in many forms; however, they are all considered to be but diverse aspects of the one supreme goddess.
Regional Hindu texts over the centuries have presented a spectrum of views on Buddhism, possibly reflecting the competition between Buddhism and the Brahmanical traditions. [9] In contemporary Hinduism, the Buddha is revered by Hindus who usually consider "Buddhism to be another form of Hinduism". [ 9 ]
The early Alvars speak of glorifying Vishnu bhakti (devotion to Vishnu), but at the same time, they do regard Shiva bhakti (devotion to Shiva) with considerable sympathy, and make a visible effort to keep the Shaivas in countenance. The earliest Alvars go the length of describing Shiva and Vishnu as one, although they do recognise their united ...
It is a synthesis of various strands of Indian religious thought, including the Vedic concept of dharma (duty, rightful action); samkhya-based yoga and jnana (knowledge); and bhakti (devotion). [8] [b] It holds a unique pan-Hindu influence as the most prominent sacred text and is a central text in Vedanta and the Vaishnava Hindu tradition.