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The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology.In 1964, US physicist Arno Allan Penzias and radio-astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background (CMB), estimating its temperature as 3.5 K, as they experimented with the Holmdel Horn Antenna.
In cosmology, the anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the proposition that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing observers in the first place.
The Snowmass Process is a particle physics community planning exercise sponsored by the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society. [1] During this process, scientists develop a collective vision for the next seven to ten years for particle physics research in the US.
In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady-state theory is an alternative to the Big Bang theory. In the steady-state model, the density of matter in the expanding universe remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter, thus adhering to the perfect cosmological principle , a principle that says that the observable universe is ...
The Press–Schechter formalism predicts that the number of objects with mass between and + is: = (+) ¯ (+) / (() (+) /). where is the index of the power spectrum of the fluctuations in the early universe (), ¯ is the mean (baryonic and dark) matter density of the universe at the time the fluctuation from which the object was formed had gravitationally collapsed, and is a cut-off mass ...
In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is uniformly isotropic and homogeneous when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universe on a large scale, and should, therefore, produce no observable inequalities in the large-scale structuring over the course ...
Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself, BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75% of hydrogen-1, about 25% helium-4, about 0.01% of deuterium and helium-3, trace amounts (on the order of 10 −10) of lithium, and negligible heavier elements. That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these ...
Meteorites are often studied as part of cosmochemistry. Cosmochemistry (from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos) 'universe' and χημεία (khēmeía) 'chemistry') or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. [1]