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If x is negative, round-down is the same as round-away-from-zero, and round-up is the same as round-toward-zero. In any case, if x is an integer, y is just x . Where many calculations are done in sequence, the choice of rounding method can have a very significant effect on the result.
In topology and in calculus, a round function is a scalar function, over a manifold, whose critical points form one or several connected components, each homeomorphic to the circle, also called critical loops. They are special cases of Morse-Bott functions.
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large algorithmic function into rounds simplifies both implementation and cryptanalysis .
Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel cipher construction and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, with K i used as the seed, then 3 rounds are sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds are sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom ...
ChaCha is a modification of Salsa20 published in 2008. It uses a new round function that increases diffusion and increases performance on some architectures. [4] Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations.
The round function is applied to one half, using a subkey, and then the output is XORed with the other half. The two halves are then swapped. [20] Let be the round function and let ,, …, be the sub-keys for the rounds ,, …, respectively.
Round number, ending with one or more zeroes; Round (cryptography) Roundness (geology) Roundedness, when pronouncing vowels; Labialization, when pronouncing consonants;
Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...