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Spartan women were encouraged to produce many children, preferably male, to increase Sparta's military population. They took pride in having borne and raised brave warriors. [ 53 ] Having sons who were cowards, however, was a cause for sorrow, and the ancient author Aelian claims that women whose sons died as cowards lamented this. [ 54 ]
Spartan Education in the Classical Period. In A Companion to Sparta, eds. Anton Powell. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 525-542. ISBN 978-1-119-07237-9; Roche, Helen (2013). Sparta's German children the ideal of ancient Sparta in the Royal Prussian Cadet-Corps, 1818-1920, and in the Nationalist-Socialist elite schools (the Napolas), 1933-1945 ...
Spartan women, unlike their Athenian counterparts, received a formal education that was supervised and controlled by the state. [43] Much of the public schooling received by the Spartan women revolved around physical education. Until about the age of eighteen women were taught to run, wrestle, throw a discus, and also to throw javelins. [44]
A bust believed to depict King Leonidas I, Gorgo's husband. After Cleomenes's death in 489 BC, Gorgo was left as his sole heiress. By 490, she was apparently already married to her half-uncle Leonidas I. [11] Despite being the daughter and wife of Spartan kings, Gorgo herself could not be considered a queen, as royal women in Sparta did not typically hold a special role in society.
However, women from elite families sometimes received an education that included literature and rhetoric, preparing them for roles in managing estates or participating in intellectual life. The role of education in improving the social and legal status of women in Roman society is a topic of ongoing scholarly interest.
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The Spartan Lysander, chief of its naval forces, begins to rise in power, and he eventually defeats the Athenian navy (which enables him to blockade Athens) and finally ends the war by successfully invading and subjugating Athens. Agesilaus, who becomes one of the kings of Sparta, finally sees Sparta become the dominant power in Greece. But ...
The vast majority (~94%) of Spartan women were enslaved helots, a proportion extraordinary in the classical world. These women bore the economic brunt of Sparta's extractive class structure, and had few-to-no legal protections against abuse. [37] [38] They were raped sufficiently often to generate an entire underclass, the nothoi or mothakes.