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The goal of the attack is to gain information that reduces the security of the encryption scheme. [ 2 ] Modern ciphers aim to provide semantic security, also known as ciphertext indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack , and they are therefore, by design, generally immune to chosen-plaintext attacks if correctly implemented.
The level of expense required for strong cryptography originally restricted its use to the government and military agencies, [9] until the middle of the 20th century the process of encryption required a lot of human labor and errors (preventing the decryption) were very common, so only a small share of written information could have been encrypted. [10]
Security in terms of indistinguishability has many definitions, depending on assumptions made about the capabilities of the attacker. It is normally presented as a game , where the cryptosystem is considered secure if no adversary can win the game with significantly greater probability than an adversary who must guess randomly.
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Consequently, semantic security is now considered an insufficient condition for securing a general-purpose encryption scheme. Indistinguishability under Chosen Plaintext Attack is commonly defined by the following experiment: [6] A random pair (,) is generated by running ().
For example, the wide trail strategy popularized by the Rijndael design, involves a linear mixing transformation that provides high diffusion, [9] although the security proofs do not depend on the diffusion layer being linear. [10]
The ability to obtain any information at all about the underlying plaintext beyond what was pre-known to the attacker is still considered a success. For example, if an adversary is sending ciphertext continuously to maintain traffic-flow security , it would be very useful to be able to distinguish real messages from nulls.
The KL-7, introduced in the mid-1950s, was the first U.S. cipher machine that was considered safe against known-plaintext attack. [8]: p.37 Classical ciphers are typically vulnerable to known-plaintext attack. For example, a Caesar cipher can be solved using a single letter of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext to decrypt entirely.