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Connection establishment is a major contributor to latency as experienced by web users. [110] [111] TCP's three-way handshake introduces one RTT of latency during connection establishment before data can be sent. [111] For short flows, these delays are very significant. [112]
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need one port for bidirectional traffic. TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa.
TCP is the more complex protocol, due to its stateful design incorporating reliable transmission and data stream services. Together, TCP and UDP comprise essentially all traffic on the Internet and are the only protocols implemented in every major operating system.
Connection-oriented transport-layer protocols provide connection-oriented communications over connectionless communication systems. A connection-oriented transport layer protocol, such as TCP, may be based on a connectionless network-layer protocol such as IP, but still achieves in-order delivery of a byte-stream by means of segment sequence numbering on the sender side, packet buffering, and ...
protocol: A transport protocol, e.g., TCP, UDP, raw IP. This means that (local or remote) endpoints with TCP port 53 and UDP port 53 are distinct sockets, while IP does not have ports. A socket that has been connected to another socket, e.g., during the establishment of a TCP connection, also has a remote socket address.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), where a reliable virtual circuit is established on top of the underlying unreliable and connectionless IP protocol. The virtual circuit is identified by the source and destination network socket address pair, i.e. the sender and receiver IP address and port number. Guaranteed QoS is not provided.
In contrast, HTTP/2 carried over TCP can suffer head-of-line-blocking delays if multiple streams are multiplexed on a TCP connection and any of the TCP packets on that connection are delayed or lost. QUIC's secondary goals include reduced connection and transport latency, and bandwidth estimation in each direction to avoid congestion.
However, in modern TCP/IP networks, TCP already provides orderly closing of connections at the transport layer. After a session connection is released, the underlying transport connection may be reused for another session connection. Also, a session connection may make use of multiple consecutive transport connections.