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As of 2013, 34 field trials of GM wheat have taken place in Europe and 419 have taken place in the US. [10] Modifications tested include those to create resistance to herbicides, create resistance to insects [11] [12] [13] and to fungal pathogens (especially fusarium) and viruses, [14] [15] tolerance to drought and resistance to salinity [16] and heat, [17] increased [18] [19] and decreased ...
Bread flour or strong flour is always made from hard wheat, usually hard spring wheat. It has a very high protein content, between 10% and 13%, making it excellent for yeast bread baking. It can be white or whole wheat or in between. [3] Cake flour is a finely milled white flour made from soft wheat.
HB4 wheat is a type of wheat that has been genetically modified by introducing sunflower genes, [1] with the objective of improving crop productivity. Wheat, along with corn, rice and soybeans, constitute the basis of world food, [2] and different scientific research was focused on improving its productivity. The improvements in food production ...
The extracted endosperm flour came to be known as “white flour” as this element of the wheat kernel is white. This system ingeniously accomplished the extraction of most of the starchy endosperm while separating out virtually all of the bran and germ elements, extracting about 72% of the whole grain kernel.
"Strong flour" or "hard flour" has a higher gluten content than "weak" or "soft" flour. "Brown" and wholemeal flours may be made of hard or soft wheat. Atta flour is a whole-grain wheat flour important in Indian and Pakistani cuisine, used for a range of breads such as roti and chapati. It is usually stone-ground to coarse granules, which gives ...
Cereals can be ground to make flour. Wheat flour is the main ingredient of bread and pasta. [65] [66] [67] Maize flour has been important in Mesoamerica since ancient times, with foods such as Mexican tortillas and tamales. [68] Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe, [69] while rice flour is common in Asia. [70]
The following international wheat production statistics come from the Food and Agriculture Organization figures from FAOSTAT database, older from International Grains Council figures from the report "Grain Market Report". The quantities of wheat in the following table are in million metric tonnes. All countries with a typical production ...
Wheat and other grains grow on a stalk and have an outer covering known as the husk, or the hull, which is not nutritional to humans. When the hull is removed, it is often referred to as chaff . The edible part of the wheat kernel is a wheat berry composed of the bran (about 14% of the kernel volume), the germ (about 3% of the kernel volume ...