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The American Committee on Africa (ACOA) was the first major group devoted to the anti-apartheid campaign. [8] Founded in 1953 by Paul Robeson and a group of civil rights activist, the ACOA encouraged the U.S. government and the United Nations to support African independence movements, including the National Liberation Front in Algeria and the Gold Coast drive to independence in present-day ...
The Free South Africa Movement (FSAM) was a coalition of individuals, organizations, students, and unions across the United States of America who sought to end Apartheid in South Africa. [1] With local branches throughout the country, it was the primary anti-Apartheid movement in the United States.
The first anti-apartheid organization on university campuses in the United States was CUAA, founded by Ramon Sevilla at the University of California, Berkeley. Sevilla had support from Nelson Mandela, with whom he was in communication while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island , and he was also in contact with the African National Congress ...
Christabel Gurney, OBE is an activist and historian, who was involved in the Anti-Apartheid Movement. She joined the organisation in 1969, and was the editor of its journal Anti-Apartheid News from 1969 to 1980. [1] [2] Later, she was secretary of the Notting Hill Anti-Apartheid Group. [3]
The South African Students' Organisation (SASO) was a body of black South African university students who resisted apartheid through non-violent political action. The organisation was formed in 1969 under the leadership of Steve Biko and Barney Pityana and made vital contributions to the ideology and political leadership of the Black Consciousness Movement.
In the late 1960s South Africa's apartheid regime became increasingly politically isolated, both internationally and continental. Under Prime Minister B.J. Vorster it developed the so-called "outward-looking policy", an effort to bind southern African countries economically, and in this way to discourage them from openly criticising its repressive internal politics.
[13] The organisation said that it adopted and advocated the strategy of ungovernability in 1984 and 1985 out of the recognition that the anti-apartheid struggle had reached "a critical stage". [14] The apartheid state largely subscribed to the notion that ungovernability was a coordinated strategy instigated and overseen by the ANC and its allies.
Several independent sectors of South African society opposed apartheid through various means, including social movements, passive resistance, and guerrilla warfare.Mass action against the ruling National Party (NP) government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental in leading to negotiations to end apartheid, which began formally ...