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Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord. [7] Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV. [9] Hydromorphone was patented in 1923. [12] Hydromorphone is made from morphine. [13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [14]
An equianalgesic chart can be a useful tool, but the user must take care to correct for all relevant variables such as route of administration, cross tolerance, half-life and the bioavailability of a drug. [5] For example, the narcotic levorphanol is 4–8 times stronger than morphine, but also has a much longer half-life. Simply switching the ...
troublesome side effects of oral morphine, hydromorphone, or oxycodone. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger the release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications.
Radioactive isotope table "lists ALL radioactive nuclei with a half-life greater than 1000 years", incorporated in the list above. The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties F.G. Kondev et al. 2021 Chinese Phys. C 45 030001. The PDF of this article lists the half-lives of all known radioactives nuclides.
Context-sensitive half-life or context sensitive half-time is defined as the time taken for blood plasma concentration of a drug to decline by one half after an infusion designed to maintain a steady state (i.e. a constant plasma concentration) has been stopped. The "context" is the duration of infusion.
For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian [9]) or twice (for MS Contin [9]) every 24 hours is roughly the same as multiple administrations of immediate release (or "regular") morphine. [10]
Oxymorphone (sold under the brand names Numorphan and Opana among others) is a highly potent opioid analgesic indicated for treatment of severe pain. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5–10 minutes, after oral administration it begins after about 30 minutes, and lasts about 3–4 hours for immediate-release tablets and 12 hours for extended-release tablets. [6]
It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, analgesia and respiratory depression, but is twice as potent as morphine [2] and has a steeper dose-response curve and longer half-life. [4] It is used in medicine as the bitartrate salt (free base conversion ratio 0.643, molecular weight 471.5) and hydrochloride (free base conversion ratio 0 ...