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Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
So the modified game becomes one that involves three participants in isolated rooms: a computer (which is being tested), a human, and a (human) judge. The human judge can converse with both the human and the computer by typing into a terminal. Both the computer and human try to convince the judge that they are the human.
The programs developed in the years after the Dartmouth Workshop were, to most people, simply "astonishing": [i] computers were solving algebra word problems, proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak English. Few at the time would have believed that such "intelligent" behavior by machines was possible at all.
For example, Latour (1992) [2] argues that instead of worrying whether we are making anthropomorphological the technology, and we should embrace it as inherently anthropomorphic as technology is after all made by humans, and substitutes for the actions of humans, and therefore shapes the human action.
It is theorized that the brain works in a set sequence, as does a computer. The sequence goes as follows, "receives input, processes the information, and delivers an output". This theory suggests that we as humans will process information in a similar way. Like a computer receives input the mind will receive information through the senses. If ...
For the first time ever, a computer has successfully convinced people into thinking it's an actual human in the iconic "Turing Test." Computer science pioneer Alan Turing created the test in 1950 ...
In fact, in the context of HBC most of the time humans are not provided with a sequence of exact steps to be executed to yield the desired result; HBC is agnostic about how humans solve the problem. This is why "outsourcing" is the term used in the definition above. The use of humans in the historical role of "human computers" for HBC is very rare.
Human-based computation (apart from the historical meaning of "computer") research has its origins in the early work on interactive evolutionary computation (EC). [9] The idea behind interactive evolutionary algorithms has been attributed to Richard Dawkins; in the Biomorphs software accompanying his book The Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins, 1986) [10] the preference of a human experimenter is used ...