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The 2023-2024 norovirus season is well underway in the United States. Cases of the highly contagious stomach bug, which causes diarrhea and vomiting, are climbing steadily across the country.
Rotaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses are known to cause viral gastroenteritis. [26] Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, [25] and produces similar rates in both the developed and developing world. [20] Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group. [13]
Most people recover easily from a short episode of vomiting and diarrhea by drinking clear fluids to replace the fluid that was lost and then gradually progressing to a normal diet. But for others, especially infants and the elderly, the loss of bodily fluid with gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which can be a life-threatening illness ...
Norovirus is a common cause of epidemics of gastroenteritis on cruise ships. The CDC, through its Vessel Sanitation Program, records and investigates outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness – mostly caused by norovirus – on cruise ships with both a US and foreign itinerary; [ 78 ] there were 12 in 2015, and 10 from 1 January to 9 May 2016.
Causes of constipation may include faecal impaction and bowel obstruction, which may in turn be caused by ileus, intussusception, volvulus. Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of unknown aetiology, classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis , that can affect the intestines and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Increased expression of ICAM-1 has been observed within the inflamed intestinal mucosa of people with ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's, where ICAM-1 over production correlated with disease activity. [140] This suggests that ICAM-1 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases. [141] [142]
When infecting the large intestine of humans, they often cause gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, and bloody diarrhea (hence the name "enterohemorrhagic") and sometimes cause a severe complication called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). [3] [4] Cattle are an important natural reservoir for EHEC because the colonised adult ruminants are asymptomatic.
Autoimmune causes of enteritis such as Crohn's disease require significant chronic treatment to avoid nutritional deficiencies, cancer, bacterial overgrowth, and other complications. [5] Some patients with mild forms of the disease may not need treatment, but a majority of people with Crohn's disease require glucocorticoid medications. [24]