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Now suppose that a consistent linear multistep method is applied to a sufficiently smooth differential equation and that the starting values , …, all converge to the initial value as . Then, the numerical solution converges to the exact solution as h → 0 {\displaystyle h\to 0} if and only if the method is zero-stable.
Numerical methods for solving first-order IVPs often fall into one of two large categories: [5] linear multistep methods, or Runge–Kutta methods.A further division can be realized by dividing methods into those that are explicit and those that are implicit.
A linear multistep method is zero-stable if all roots of the characteristic equation that arises on applying the method to ′ = have magnitude less than or equal to unity, and that all roots with unit magnitude are simple. [2]
The backward differentiation formula (BDF) is a family of implicit methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations.They are linear multistep methods that, for a given function and time, approximate the derivative of that function using information from already computed time points, thereby increasing the accuracy of the approximation.
In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the trapezoidal rule is a numerical method to solve ordinary differential equations derived from the trapezoidal rule for computing integrals. The trapezoidal rule is an implicit second-order method, which can be considered as both a Runge–Kutta method and a linear multistep method.
The relation between local and global truncation errors is slightly different from in the simpler setting of one-step methods. For linear multistep methods, an additional concept called zero-stability is needed to explain the relation between local and global truncation errors. Linear multistep methods that satisfy the condition of zero ...
General linear methods (GLMs) are a large class of numerical methods used to obtain numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations. They include multistage Runge–Kutta methods that use intermediate collocation points , as well as linear multistep methods that save a finite time history of the solution.
Implicit multistep methods can only be A-stable if their order is at most 2. The latter result is known as the second Dahlquist barrier; it restricts the usefulness of linear multistep methods for stiff equations. An example of a second-order A-stable method is the trapezoidal rule mentioned above, which can also be considered as a linear ...