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Many non-native Chinese speakers have difficulties mastering the tones of each character, but correct tonal pronunciation is essential for intelligibility because of the vast number of words in the language that only differ by tone (i.e. are minimal pairs with respect to tone). Statistically, tones are as important as vowels in Standard Chinese.
[42] [43] According to the official definition, Standard Chinese uses: The phonology of the Beijing dialect, if not always with each phoneme having the precise phonetic values as those heard in Beijing. The vocabulary of Mandarin dialects in general, excepting what are deemed to be slang and regionalisms.
Chinese phonology is covered by the following articles: Concerning modern Chinese: Standard Chinese phonology; Cantonese phonology; For the phonology of other varieties of Chinese, see the articles on the particular varieties; For an overview, see Varieties of Chinese → Phonology; Concerning pre-modern Chinese: Historical Chinese phonology
The voiceless stops that typify the entering tone date back to the Proto-Sino-Tibetan, the parent language of Chinese as well as the Tibeto-Burman languages.In addition, Old Chinese is commonly thought to have syllables ending in clusters /ps/, /ts/, and /ks/ [1] [2] (sometimes called the "long entering tone" while syllables ending in /p/, /t/ and /k/ are the "short entering tone").
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese.In official documents, it is referred to as the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet.Hanyu (汉语; 漢語) literally means 'Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while pinyin literally means 'spelled sounds'.
The Old National Pronunciation (traditional Chinese: 老國音; simplified Chinese: 老国音; pinyin: lǎo guóyīn) was the system established for the phonology of standard Chinese as decided by the Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation from 1913 onwards, and published in the 1919 edition of the Guóyīn Zìdiǎn (國音字典, "Dictionary of National Pronunciation").
Standard Chinese takes its phonology from the Beijing dialect, ... Standard Chinese is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China and Taiwan, ...
In Old Chinese, the phonetic has the reconstructed pronunciation *lo, while the phono-semantic compounds listed above have been reconstructed as *lo *l̥o and *l̥ˤo respectively. [39] Nonetheless, all characters containing 俞 are pronounced in Standard Chinese as various tonal variants of yu, shu, tou, and the closely related you and zhu.