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In ancient Rome, the Cloaca Maxima, considered a marvel of engineering, discharged into the Tiber. Public latrines were built over the Cloaca Maxima. [31] Beginning in the Roman era a water wheel device known as a noria supplied water to aqueducts and other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East.
The introduction of the ship mill and tide mill in the 6th century, both of which yet unattested for the ancient period, [6] allowed for a flexible response to the changing water-level of rivers and the Atlantic Ocean, thus demonstrating the technological innovativeness of early medieval watermillers.
This list of ancient watermills presents an overview of water-powered grain-mills and industrial mills in classical antiquity from their Hellenistic beginnings through the Roman imperial period. The watermill is the earliest instance of a machine harnessing natural forces to replace human muscular labour (apart from the sail ). [ 3 ]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 October 2024. Type of aqueduct built in ancient Rome See also: List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire The multiple arches of the Pont du Gard in Roman Gaul (modern-day southern France). The upper tier encloses an aqueduct that carried water to Nimes in Roman times; its lower tier was expanded in the ...
Hippocrates encouraged his fellow healers to use salt water to heal various ailments by immersing their patients in sea water. The ancient Greeks continued this, and in 1753, English author and physician Richard Russell published The Uses of Sea Water in which he declared that salt was a "common defence against the corruption of…bodies" and ...
By the 18th century, England emerged as a leading contender alongside the Dutch Republic for the title of one of the most liberated nations in Europe, and a major growing naval power. Some observers referred to the Restoration as "a divinely ordained miracle," viewing the abrupt escape from political turmoil as a reinstatement of both natural ...
Although England's economy was fundamentally agricultural throughout the period, even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers. Norman institutions, including serfdom, were superimposed on a mature network of well-established towns involved in international trade. Over the next five centuries the English economy would ...
The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, across Germany and neighbouring areas, and involved most of the major European powers except England and Russia, [70] involving Catholics versus Protestants for the most part. The major impact of the war was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies.