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  2. History of religious pluralism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religious_pluralism

    Mehmed II's ahidnâme to the Catholic monks of the recently conquered Bosnia issued in 1463, granting them full religious freedom and protection.. Religious pluralism existed in medieval Islamic law and Islamic ethics, as the religious laws and courts of other religions, including Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism, were usually accommodated within the Islamic legal framework, as exemplified ...

  3. Religious pluralism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism

    The cross of the war memorial (Church of England / Christianity) and a menorah (Judaism) coexist at the north end of St Giles' in Oxford, England. Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society. It can indicate one or more of the following:

  4. Millet (Ottoman Empire) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)

    e. In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (Turkish: [millet]; Ottoman Turkish: ملت) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws. Despite frequently being referred ...

  5. Islam and other religions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions

    Muslims are not expected to visualize God but to worship and adore him as a protector. Any kind of idolatry is condemned in Islam. (Quran 112:2) As a result, Muslims hold that for someone to worship any other gods or deities other than Allah (shirk (polytheism)) is a sin that will lead to separation from Allah.

  6. Islam and democracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy

    Rejection of democracy as a Western import and advocacy of traditional Islamic institutions, such as shura (consultation) and ijma (consensus), as exemplified by supporters of absolute monarchy and radical Islamist movements; Belief that democracy requires restricting religion to private life, held by a minority in the Muslim world.

  7. Early Muslim conquests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 September 2024. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...

  8. Wilfred Cantwell Smith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith

    Wilfred Cantwell Smith, OC FRSC [15] (July 21, 1916 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian Islamicist, comparative religion scholar, [16] and Presbyterian minister. [17] He was the founder of the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University in Quebec and later the director of Harvard University's Center for the Study of World Religions.

  9. Islam and secularism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_secularism

    Definition. Secularism is an ambiguous concept that can be understood to refer to a number of policies and ideas— anticlericalism, atheism, state neutrality toward religion, the separation of religion from state, banishment of religious symbols from the public sphere, or disestablishment (separation of church and state, [4] although Islam has ...