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Pregnancy hormones. Hormones during pregnancy are the result of an intricate interaction between hormones generated by different glands and organs. The primary hormones involved comprise human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, estrogen, human placental lactogen (hPL), and oxytocin. Hormones are synthesized in certain organs, including ...
These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior, the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, metabolism including increases in blood sugar levels, kidney function, posture, and breathing. During pregnancy numerous hormones and proteins are secreted that also have a broad range of effects.
Maternal fetal stress transfer. Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. Because of a link in blood supply between a mother ...
Prenatal stress. Prenatal stress (or prenatal maternal stress) is exposure of an expectant mother to psychosocial or physical stress, which can be caused by daily life events or by environmental hardships. [1][2] This psychosocial or physical stress that the expectant mother is experiencing has an effect on the fetus.
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. [4] Present in animals since early stages of evolution, in humans it plays roles in behavior that include social bonding , love , reproduction , childbirth , and the period after childbirth .
Anatomical terminology. [edit on Wikidata] The endocrine system[1] is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
e. The fetal endocrine system is one of the first systems to develop during prenatal development of a human individual. The endocrine system arises from all three embryonic germ layers. The endocrine glands that produce the steroid hormones, such as the gonads and adrenal cortex, arise from the mesoderm. In contrast, endocrine glands that arise ...
Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. [1][13] It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens [13] and is the major progestogen in the body.