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Chloroethane is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene: [11]. C 2 H 4 + HCl → C 2 H 5 Cl. At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, from ethane and chlorine, or from ethanol and phosphorus trichloride, but these routes are no longer economical.
Smoke grenades, called hexachloroethane smoke or HC smoke, utilize a mixture containing roughly equal parts of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide and approximately 6% granular aluminium. These smokes are toxic, which is attributed to the production of zinc chloride ( ZnCl 2 ).
In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride. Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane . Historically, before leaded petrol was phased out, chloroethanes were used as an additive in petrol to prevent lead buildup in engines.
First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1,2-dichloroethane: CH 2 =CH 2 + Cl 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl. When heated to around 400 °C with additional chlorine, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted to trichloroethylene: ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + 2 Cl 2 → ClCH=CCl 2 + 3 HCl. This reaction can be catalyzed by a variety of substances.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane, vinyl trichloride or 1,1,2-TCA, is an organochloride solvent with the molecular formula C 2 H 3 Cl 3 and the structural formula CH 2 Cl—CHCl 2.It is a colourless, sweet-smelling liquid that does not dissolve in water, but is soluble in most organic solvents.
The major products were ethyl chloride, tetrachlorocarbon and dichloromethane. [7] Because of concerns about health and environmentally relevant problems such as the ozone depletion behavior of light volatile chlorine compounds, the chemical industry developed alternative procedures that did not require chlorinated compounds. As a result of the ...
Other uses for the substance include paint stripping, acting as a denaturation agent for alcohol, as a solvent for waxes & varnishes, and in the extraction of oils and degreasing of metals. [9] 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is currently used as a feedstock in the production of 1,2-dichloroethylene,trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. [9]
In homeopathy, a trituration is a mixture, often with lactose, of a substance that is not water-soluble. [3] In developmental, cell and molecular biology, trituration is the process of fragmenting of solid material (often biological tissue or aggregated material) into smaller components (often, respectively, cells or molecules in suspension ...