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  2. Gradient descent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent

    Illustration of gradient descent on a series of level sets. Gradient descent is based on the observation that if the multi-variable function is defined and differentiable in a neighborhood of a point , then () decreases fastest if one goes from in the direction of the negative gradient of at , ().

  3. Conjugate gradient method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method

    A comparison of the convergence of gradient descent with optimal step size (in green) and conjugate vector (in red) for minimizing a quadratic function associated with a given linear system. Conjugate gradient, assuming exact arithmetic, converges in at most n steps, where n is the size of the matrix of the system (here n = 2).

  4. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent.

  5. Stochastic gradient descent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent

    Stochastic gradient descent competes with the L-BFGS algorithm, [citation needed] which is also widely used. Stochastic gradient descent has been used since at least 1960 for training linear regression models, originally under the name ADALINE. [25] Another stochastic gradient descent algorithm is the least mean squares (LMS) adaptive filter.

  6. Newton's method in optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method_in...

    The geometric interpretation of Newton's method is that at each iteration, it amounts to the fitting of a parabola to the graph of () at the trial value , having the same slope and curvature as the graph at that point, and then proceeding to the maximum or minimum of that parabola (in higher dimensions, this may also be a saddle point), see below.

  7. Adjoint state method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_state_method

    The adjoint state method is a numerical method for efficiently computing the gradient of a function or operator in a numerical optimization problem. [1] It has applications in geophysics, seismic imaging, photonics and more recently in neural networks. [2] The adjoint state space is chosen to simplify the physical interpretation of equation ...

  8. Gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient

    The gradient of F is then normal to the hypersurface. Similarly, an affine algebraic hypersurface may be defined by an equation F(x 1, ..., x n) = 0, where F is a polynomial. The gradient of F is zero at a singular point of the hypersurface (this is the definition of a singular point). At a non-singular point, it is a nonzero normal vector.

  9. Descent direction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_direction

    Numerous methods exist to compute descent directions, all with differing merits, such as gradient descent or the conjugate gradient method. More generally, if is a positive definite matrix, then = is a descent direction at . [1]