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Some U.S. states currently have an urban percentage around or above 90%, an urbanization rate almost unheard of a century ago. The states of Maine and Vermont have bucked the trend towards greater urbanization which is exhibited throughout the rest of the United States. Maine's highest urban percentage ever was less than 52% (in 1950), and ...
Sanitary conditions were bad throughout urban America in the 19th century. The worst conditions appeared in the largest cities, where the accumulation of human and horse waste built up on the city streets, where sewage systems were inadequate, and the water supply was of dubious quality. [ 91 ]
This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task. [1]
In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. [92] The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves ), ideas, and communicable disease between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres ...
Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).
At the end of the 19th century, electric urban rail transport (including trams and rapid transit) began to replace them, later completed with buses and other motor vehicles. Street lights were uncommon until gas lighting became widespread in Europe in the early 19th century. Fuel gas was also used for heating and cooking.
The disputed land had generally been administered by Delaware, even electing a member of the Delaware legislature in the mid-19th century, [379] but federal maps had included the land as part of Pennsylvania at least as late as 1900. [380] The states had agreed on a resolution, and it was affirmed by an act of Congress on this date.
Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.