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Electron atomic and molecular orbitals. The chart of orbitals (left) is arranged by increasing energy (see Madelung rule). Atomic orbits are functions of three variables (two angles, and the distance r from the nucleus). These images are faithful to the angular component of the orbital, but not entirely representative of the orbital as a whole.
Understand the general idea of the quantum mechanical description of electrons in an atom, and that it uses the notion of three-dimensional wave functions, or orbitals, that define the distribution of probability to find an electron in a particular part of space.
This page discusses atomic orbitals at an introductory level. It explores s and p orbitals in some detail, including their shapes and energies. d orbitals are described only in terms of their energy, and f orbitals are only mentioned in passing.
Lesson 5: Atomic structure and electron configuration. The periodic table, electron shells, and orbitals. Shells, subshells, and orbitals. Introduction to electron configurations. The Aufbau principle. Valence electrons. Electron configurations of ions. Electron configurations of the 3d transition metals.
Orbital Diagrams. In orbitals diagrams, the orbitals are shown as boxes, and the electrons in them as arrows pointing up or down. Each box represents one orbital, and each arrow indicates one electron. This is a way of showing the electron configuration of the atom.
We will now construct the ground-state electron configuration and orbital diagram for a selection of atoms in the first and second periods of the periodic table. Orbital diagrams are pictorial representations of the electron configuration, showing the individual orbitals and the pairing arrangement of electrons.
Each wave function with a given set of values of n, l, and m l describes a particular spatial distribution of an electron in an atom, an atomic orbital. The four chemically important types of atomic orbital correspond to values of l = 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Key Terms. Summary. Additional Problems. Why This Chapter? Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Bromination. Other Aromatic Substitutions. Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Rings: The Friedel–Crafts Reaction.
Single atom diagrams (atomic orbital diagrams) consist of horizontal lines or boxes for each sublevel. Within orbitals, arrows indicate the spin direction of the occupant electrons. Multi-atom diagrams (molecular orbital diagrams) show the energy of electrons in molecular orbitals.
Atomic orbitals are of four different types: s, p, d, and f. They are commonly denoted by a combination of letters and numerals, such as 1s, 2p, 3d, 4f, etc. Here, the numerals indicate principal quantum numbers (n), designating the energy levels as well as relative distance from the nucleus.