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A four-colored map of the states of the United States (ignoring lakes and oceans) In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Adjacent means that two regions share a common boundary of ...
Perfect information: A game has perfect information if it is a sequential game and every player knows the strategies chosen by the players who preceded them. Constant sum: A game is a constant sum game if the sum of the payoffs to every player are the same for every single set of strategies. In these games, one player gains if and only if ...
A trichrome map-coloring game in progress, on a map of the United States. On their turn, a player may choose any of the three colors to shade an unshaded state, so long as it would not share a color with a bordering state. Three states have become unshadeable, being surrounded by all three colors. Several map-coloring games are studied in ...
Risk is a strategy board game of diplomacy, conflict and conquest [1] for two to six players. The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the world, divided into 42 territories, which are grouped into six continents. Turns rotate among players who control armies of playing pieces with which they attempt to capture ...
Exploration of North America. The exploration of North America by European sailors and geographers was an effort by major European powers to map and explore the continent with the goal of economic, religious and military expansion. The combative and rapid nature of this exploration is the result of a series of countering actions by neighboring ...
Media type. Paper. " The Geographical Pivot of History " is an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory. [1][2][3] In this article, Mackinder extended the scope of geopolitical analysis to encompass the entire globe. He defined Afro-Eurasia as the "world island" and ...
Strategy. Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. [1] It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively in economics, logic, systems science and computer science. [2] Initially, game theory addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which a participant's gains or losses are exactly ...
The United Nations geoscheme is a system which divides 248 countries and territories in the world into six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. [1] It was devised by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) based on the M49 coding classification. [2] The creators note that "the assignment of ...