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Input hypothesis. The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five ...
Stephen Krashen received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. [2] Krashen has among papers (peer-reviewed and not) and books, more than 486 publications, contributing to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. [3]
In addition, Krashen (1982)’s Affective Filter Hypothesis holds that the acquisition of a second language is halted if the learner has a high degree of anxiety when receiving input. According to this concept, a part of the mind filters out L2 input and prevents intake by the learner, if the learner feels that the process of SLA is threatening.
Natural approach. The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Natural Approach has been used in ESL classes as well as foreign language classes for people of all ages and in various educational settings, from primary schools to universities. [1]
The interaction hypothesis is a theory of second-language acquisition which states that the development of language proficiency is promoted by face-to-face interaction and communication. [1] Its main focus is on the role of input, interaction, and output in second language acquisition. [2] It posits that the level of language that a learner is ...
Stephen Krashen makes a distinction between language acquisition and language learning (the acquisition–learning distinction), [61] claiming that acquisition is a subconscious process, whereas learning is a conscious one. According to this hypothesis, the acquisition process in L2 (Language 2) is the same as L1 (Language 1) acquisition.
The comprehensible output theory is closely related to the need hypothesis, which states that we acquire language forms only when we need to communicate or make ourselves understood. [4] If this hypothesis is correct, then language acquirers must be forced to speak. According to Stephen Krashen, the Need Hypothesis is incorrect.
Critical period hypothesis. The critical period hypothesis [1] is a theory within the field of linguistics and second language acquisition that claims a person can only achieve native-like fluency [2] in a language before a certain age. It is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics [3] and language acquisition over the extent to ...