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It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations).
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction.
The trend in the ionization energy of atoms is often used to demonstrate the periodic behavior of atoms with respect to the atomic number, as summarized by ordering atoms in Mendeleev's table. This is a valuable tool for establishing and understanding the ordering of electrons in atomic orbitals without going into the details of wave functions ...
In 1916, chemist Gilbert N. Lewis developed the concept of electron-pair bonds, in which two atoms may share one to six electrons, thus forming the single electron bond, a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond; in Lewis's own words, "An electron may form a part of the shell of two different atoms and cannot be said to belong to either ...
In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed. In a single covalent bond , a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron.
The strongest bonds are formed by the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms, allowing the formation of molecules. [17] Within a molecule, electrons move under the influence of several nuclei, and occupy molecular orbitals ; much as they can occupy atomic orbitals in isolated atoms. [ 128 ]
In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons. In the image at left the hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right).
Under intense heat, the electrons in the metal ions or small molecules can be excited. [91] These electrons later return to lower energy states, and release light with a colour spectrum characteristic of the species present. [92] [93] In chemical synthesis, salts are often used as precursors for high-temperature solid-state synthesis. [94]