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Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) are in the crosshairs of Republicans and Democrats in Congress but have so far dodged any new litigation or reforms that had been targeted for inclusion in last ...
As of 2023, PBMs managed pharmacy benefits for 275 million Americans and the three largest PBMs in the US, CVS Caremark, Cigna Express Scripts, and UnitedHealth Group’s Optum Rx, make up about 80% of the market share covering about 270 million people [4] [5] with a market of almost $600 billion in 2024.
Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) are employing new strategies to squeeze independent pharmacies, even as the industry faces pressure from the federal government, which is looking for ways to curb ...
With more chronic forms of depression, the most effective treatment is often considered to be a combination of medication and psychotherapy. [6] [9] Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice in people under 18. [8] A meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression across ages from younger than 13 years to older than 75 ...
The number of people with depression has reached new highs—and so has antidepressant use. As Americans are increasingly reaching for pharmaceutical solutions for depression—about one in eight ...
There is some evidence that there is decreased nigrostriatal pathway activity in people with melancholic depression (psychomotor retardation). [42] Further supporting the role of dopamine in depression is the consistent finding of decreased cerebrospinal fluid and jugular metabolites of dopamine, [ 43 ] as well as post mortem findings of ...
Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. Depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease, Brain structure and function in the case of bipolar disorder. [1 ...
Dysthymia (/ d ɪ s ˈ θ aɪ m i ə / dihs-THIY-mee-uh), also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), [3] is a mental and behavioral disorder, [5] specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with longer-lasting symptoms.