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Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP 3 or Ins3P or IP 3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane , by phospholipase C (PLC).
Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule. It was initially called "inosite" when it was discovered by Léon Maquenne and Johann Joseph von Scherer in the late 19th century. It was discovered in bacteria but later also found in eukaryotes , and was found to be a signaling molecule .
inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway. The inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway is responsible for the generation of IP3 through the cleavage of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) found in the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane by phospholipase C in response to either receptor tyrosine kinase or Gq alpha subunit-G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
In 1988, Lewis C. Cantley published a paper describing the discovery of a novel type of phosphoinositide kinase with the unprecedented ability to phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P). [1]
The activated α subunit activates phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes membrane bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2), resulting in the formation of secondary messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3). [10] IP 3 binds to calcium pumps on ER, transporting Ca 2+, another second messenger, into the cytoplasm.
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca 2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertilization, development, behavior, learning and memory. [2]
Inositol has been used as an adulterant or cutting agent for many illegal drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and sometimes heroin, [47] probably because of its solubility, powdery texture, or reduced sweetness (50%) compared to more common sugars. Inositol is also used as a stand-in film prop for cocaine in filmmaking. [48] [49]
PLC as an effector produces two different second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP 3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). IP 3 is soluble and diffuses freely into the cytoplasm. As a second messenger, it is recognized by the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R), a Ca 2+ channel in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, which stores intracellular ...