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South America has a history that has a wide range of human cultures and forms of civilization. The Norte Chico civilization in Peru dating back to about 3500 BCE is the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the first six independent civilizations in the world; it was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids.
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC).
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492.
The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people. [1] They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km (2,500 miles) from southern Colombia , to Ecuador and Peru , including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north Chile and northwest Argentina .
The archaeology of the Americas is the study of the archaeology of the Western Hemisphere, including North America (Mesoamerica), Central America, South America and the Caribbean. This includes the study of pre-historic/ Pre-Columbian and historic indigenous American peoples , as well as historical archaeology of more recent eras, including the ...
The population of these Pre-Columbian cultures in the Modern-Day territory of Colombia is estimated to have been around 6 million. [1] Around a third of them, or about 2 million people were Muiscas located in Andean highlands, with the population being concentrated in a similar way to Modern-Day Colombia. [2]
Map of Caral-Supe sites showing their locations in Peru Reconstruction of one of the pyramids of Aspero. Caral-Supe civilization was the first civilization in pre-Columbian America, located in modern-day Peru, as well as one of world's oldest civilizations. It coalesced in 3500 BC, and large construction became apparent from 3100 BC.
Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE; Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE; Nazca culture , south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE; Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru; Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8700–5900 BCE; Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE