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Two scales were developed, one based on surface waves, , and one on body waves, . Surface waves with a period near 20 s generally produce the largest amplitudes on a standard long-period seismograph, and so the amplitude of these waves is used to determine M s {\displaystyle M_{s}} , using an equation similar to that used for M L {\displaystyle ...
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg (1945b, 1945c) and Gutenberg & Richter (1956) [2] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P- and S-waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until ...
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body. It can result from an earthquake (or generally, a quake ), volcanic eruption , magma movement, a large landslide and a large man-made explosion that produces low-frequency acoustic energy.
This radiative ground wave is known as Norton surface wave, or more properly Norton ground wave, because ground waves in radio propagation are not confined to the surface. Another type of surface wave is the non-radiative, bound-mode Zenneck surface wave or Zenneck–Sommerfeld surface wave .
These are of lower resolution than P wave models, due to the distances involved and fewer bounce-phase data available. S waves can also be used in conjunction with P waves for differential arrival time models. Surface waves can be used for tomography of the crust and upper mantle where no body wave (P and S) data are available. Both Rayleigh ...
Additional scales were developed [9] – a surface-wave magnitude scale (M s) by Beno Gutenberg in 1945, [10] a body-wave magnitude scale (mB) by Gutenberg and Richter in 1956, [11] and a number of variants [12] – to overcome the deficiencies of the M L scale, but all are subject to saturation.
Unlike surface waves, which predominantly travel along the Earth's surface, body wave microseisms propagate through the deeper layers of the Earth. Seasonal variations in body-wave noise has been reported, consistent with differences in storm activity between the northern and southern hemisphere. [21]