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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Though seemingly paradoxical, cryogenic helium systems can move heat from a volume of relatively low temperature to a volume of relatively high temperature. [8] Though this phenomenon appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics , experiments have shown this to prevail in systems where the volume of low temperature is constantly heated ...
Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below −150 °C (−238 °F; 123 K). [1] It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'.It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
A cryogenic gas plant is an industrial facility that creates molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen, argon, krypton, helium, and xenon at relatively high purity. [1] As air is made up of nitrogen, the most common gas in the atmosphere, at 78%, with oxygen at 19%, and argon at 1%, with trace gasses making up the rest, cryogenic gas plants separate air inside a distillation column at cryogenic ...
Their input powers can be as high as 1 MW. In most cases cryocoolers use a cryogenic fluid as the working substance and employ moving parts to cycle the fluid around a thermodynamic cycle. The fluid is typically compressed at room temperature, precooled in a heat exchanger, then expanded at some low temperature.
The golden areas are MLI blankets on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The principle behind MLI is radiation balance. To see why it works, start with a concrete example - imagine a square meter of a surface in outer space, held at a fixed temperature of 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F), with an emissivity of 1, facing away from the sun or other heat sources.