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An LED filament consists of multiple LED chips connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that forms a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. [59] These are being used as a low-cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries.
An open (single envelope) CFL [12] An encapsulated/closed (double envelope) CFL. Some fluorescent lamps emit ultraviolet radiation. [citation needed] The Health Protection Agency of the United Kingdom has conducted research concluding that exposure to open (single envelope) compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) for over 1 hour per day at a distance of less than 30 cm can exceed guideline levels as ...
LED lighting, digital screens, and fluorescent bulbs are examples of common artificial blue light sources. [7] [6] LED lighting is widely used due to its durability and energy efficiency. [2] It emits more blue light than traditional incandescent bulbs, potentially impacting the quality of sleep and eye health if used excessively at night. [2] [8]
A 230-volt LED filament lamp, with an E27 base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines. An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally ...
Assessment of Advanced Solid State Lighting.National Academies Press. 2013. doi:10.17226/18279. ISBN 978-0-309-27011-3.; Kho, Mu-Jeong, Javed, T., Mark, R., Maier, E., and David, C. (2008) 'Final Report: OLED Solid State Lighting: Kodak European Research' MOTI (Management of Technology and Innovation) Project, Judge Business School of the University of Cambridge and Kodak European Research ...
A LED is a long-lived light source, but certain mechanisms can cause slow loss of efficiency of the device or sudden failure. The wavelength of the light emitted is a function of the band gap of the semiconductor material used; materials such as gallium arsenide , and others , with various trace doping elements , are used to produce different ...