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In thermal engineering, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds at each end of the double pipe exchanger.
In statistics, Sheppard's corrections are approximate corrections to estimates of moments computed from binned data. The concept is named after William Fleetwood Sheppard . Let m k {\displaystyle m_{k}} be the measured k th moment, μ ^ k {\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}_{k}} the corresponding corrected moment, and c {\displaystyle c} the breadth ...
with a corresponding factor graph shown on the right. Observe that the factor graph has a cycle. If we merge (,) (,) into a single factor, the resulting factor graph will be a tree. This is an important distinction, as message passing algorithms are usually exact for trees, but only approximate for graphs with cycles.
Graphical statistical methods have four objectives: [2] The exploration of the content of a data set; The use to find structure in data; Checking assumptions in statistical models; Communicate the results of an analysis. If one is not using statistical graphics, then one is forfeiting insight into one or more aspects of the underlying structure ...
Double mass analysis is a simple graphical method to evaluate the consistency of hydrological data. The DM approach plots the cumulative data of one variable against the cumulative data of a second variable. A break in the slope of a linear function fit to the data is thought to represent a change in the relation between the variables.
Once the averages and limits are calculated, all of the individuals data are plotted serially, in the order in which they were recorded. To this plot is added a line at the average value, x and lines at the UCL and LCL values. On a separate graph, the calculated ranges MR i are plotted.
A fudge factor is an ad hoc quantity or element introduced into a calculation, formula or model in order to make it fit observations or expectations. Also known as a correction coefficient , which is defined by
That is, observed temperatures above 60 °F (or the base temperature used) typically correlate with a correction factor below "1", while temperatures below 60 °F correlate with a factor above "1". This concept lies in the basis for the kinetic theory of matter and thermal expansion of matter , which states as the temperature of a substance ...