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Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a type of encephalitis, and one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It can be triggered by tumors , infections , or it may be cryptogenic . The neurological manifestations can be either acute or subacute and usually develop within six weeks.
Antibody-mediated anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis and Rasmussen encephalitis are examples of autoimmune encephalitis. [20] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 18–45 years of age. [21]
Limbic encephalitis is associated with an autoimmune reaction. [1] In non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, this is typically due to infection (commonly herpes simplex virus) or as a systemic autoimmune disorder. [13] Limbic encephalitis associated with cancer or tumors is called paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. [citation needed]
A viral infection may also result in encephalitis triggered by an autoimmune response. One common form of autoimmune encephalitis, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, is thought to be commonly initiated by herpes infections resulting in an autoimmune response to the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Lymphocytic pleocytosis is involved in the ...
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor antibodies, which are also associated with seizures and a movement disorder, and related to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. NAIM or "Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis" (NAIM). [16] They can be divided into GFAP- and GFAP+ cases.
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, [3] first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It may also affect the peripheral nervous system , and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome .
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a type of brain inflammation caused by antibodies. [4] Early symptoms may include fever , headache, and feeling tired. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is then typically followed by psychosis which presents with false beliefs (delusions) and seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear (hallucinations). [ 1 ]
Eastern equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Western equine encephalitis: a group of viral illnesses that can affect horses and humans; collectively termed Equine encephalitis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of brain inflammation.