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Pembrolizumab, sold under the brand name Keytruda, is a humanized antibody, more specifically a PD-1 inhibitor, used in cancer immunotherapy that treats melanoma, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, stomach cancer, cervical cancer, and certain types of breast cancer. [12] [14] [15] [16] It is administered by slow intravenous ...
The phase II clinical trial in melanoma was published in 2009 [20] and the phase III trial was published in 2013. [21] Talimogene laherparepvec was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat melanoma in October 2015. It was the first approval of an oncolytic virus and the first approval of a gene therapy in the West. [11]
As of 2016, it is in clinical trials for colorectal cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma. [50] [51] [needs update] Promising results have been observed for melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, [52] and bladder cancer. [13]
The lead investigators of the chemo-immunotherapy combination trial also noted relevant differences in the two studies' patient groups: the ECOG2100 patients were on average younger than in the chemo-immunotherapy study, and a significantly lower percentage had disease in three or more sites upon entry into the trial.
They explored the underlying immunology of the response and played a role in evaluating the first such drug in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced melanoma. [18] This led the development of new criteria for evaluating responses of cancer patients to immunotherapy in clinical trials. [19]
Clinical trials later showed that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies could extend the lives of patients with metastatic melanoma by four months, and anti-PD-1 antibodies also demonstrated anti-tumor effects. [5] Using the immune system to combat cancer has since gained popularity.
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