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The 1986 nuclear reactor explosion at Chernobyl was categorized as a Level 7 accident, which is the highest possible ranking on the INES scale, due to widespread environmental and health effects and "external release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory". [57]
Thermal radiation—effective ground range GR / km: Fourth degree burns, Conflagration: 0.5 2.0 10 30 Third degree burns: 0.6 2.5 12 38 Second degree burns: 0.8 3.2 15 44 First degree burns: 1.1 4.2 19 53 Effects of instant nuclear radiation—effective slant range 1 SR / km: Lethal 2 total dose (neutrons and gamma rays) 0.8 1.4 2.3 4.7
The single-most important thing to remember if a nuclear bomb is supposed to explode, he says, is to shelter in place. "There were survivors in Hiroshima within 300 meters of the epicenter ...
Radiation poisoning, also called "radiation sickness" or a "creeping dose", is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. The term is generally used to refer to acute problems caused by a large dosage of radiation in a short period, though this also has occurred with long-term exposure to low-level radiation.
Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons. Typical phenomena are nuclear fission or nuclear fusion causing the release of free neutrons, which then react with nuclei of other atoms to form new nuclides —which, in turn, may trigger further neutron radiation.
[9] [10] [11] This was the 1.2 kiloton Buster-Jangle Uncle, [12] which detonated 17 ft (5.2 m) beneath ground level. [10] The test was designed as a scaled-down investigation of the effects of a 23-kiloton ground-penetrating gun-type fission weapon that was then being considered for use as a cratering and bunker-buster weapon. [ 13 ]
Neutron transport (also known as neutronics) is the study of the motions and interactions of neutrons with materials. Nuclear scientists and engineers often need to know where neutrons are in an apparatus, in what direction they are going, and how quickly they are moving.
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction.The driving reaction may be nuclear fission or nuclear fusion or a multi-stage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.