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White, Douglas R. (1986) Focused Ethnographic Bibliography for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample World Cultures 2(1):1–126. (Reprinted 1989 Behavior Science Research 23:1–145 and 2000 by William Divale) White, Douglas R. (2007) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Free Distribution Site (UC Irvine) White, Douglas R. and George P. Murdock. (2006).
Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems: Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan [1] is an anthropological and complexity science book by social anthropologists Douglas R. White, University of California, Irvine, and Ulla Johansen of the University of Cologne.
Ethnography can also be used in other methodological frameworks, for instance, an action research program of study where one of the goals is to change and improve the situation. [15] Ethnographic research is a fundamental methodology in cultural ecology, development studies, and feminist geography.
Visual autoethnography has been noted by various scholars as a methodology which challenges power relations for the maker and the viewer. [1] [3] [4] Drawing on the work of Mary Louise Pratt and bell hooks in his research on gang photography, Richard T. Rodríguez refers to the autoethnography as "a practice in which colonized subjects turn the gaze inward."
Cross-cultural (comparative ethnographic) studies can provide archaeological indicators of cultural and other (e.g., physical and social environmental) features. Using those indicators, researchers could test many causal ideas about the major events in cultural evolution and devolution on the time-series data in the archaeological record.
Anthropologists began conducting ethnographic research in the mid-1800s to study the cultures people they deemed "exotic" and/or "primitive." [15]: 6 Typically, these early ethnographers aimed to merely observe and write "objective" accounts of these groups to provide others a better understanding of various cultures.
Scholarship has explored the potential barriers to collecting community-based participatory research data. The CBPR approach is in line with the body of sociological work that advocates for "protagonist driven ethnography". [22] The approach provides for and demands that researchers collaborate with communities throughout the research process.
Cultural mapping is also used to describe the use of research methods, tools, and techniques to identify, describe, portray, promote, and plan future use of particular regions' or cities' combined cultural assets and resources: